中考生必讀：英語閱讀技巧精講(2)

　　3.    But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity（特質）。 They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past。"All of us can think of bad experiences in our lives that were horrible at the time but make us who we are.I'm not sure we want to erase those memories，" said Rebecca Dresser， a medical ethicist。

　　1.Now American researchers are trying to develop a drug to_______D_____。

　　A.change people's bad memories into good ones

　　B.make people forget what happened in the past

　　C.help soldiers get away from troubling memories

　　D.treat people who suffer from terrible memories

　　2.    The drug that have been tested on people can ____B_____

　　A.cause the brain to lose memories

　　B.reduce the effect of bad memories

　　C.help people improve their memories

　　D.totallyerase the painful memories

　　3.    Rebecca Dresser thinks that ______C_____

　　A.some memories can ruin people's lives

　　B.the drug can prevent people from sufferings

　　C.bad memories make us different from others

　　D.taking the drug will do harm to people's health

　　此三題是出自一篇閱讀理解，都為缺少句子成分題型，所以第一步都是在原文定位句型。

　　第一題：定位答案句型如橫線部分1，那么答案就在這一段，而不在于你的頭腦之中。而且要體現上文提到的解釋作用和特點，不是照抄原文只言片語，比如bad memories， terrible memories， painful memories or experiences 都可以，所以答案在定語從句Which中，為D。

　　第二題：第一步定位原文2。略過第二句，鎖定最后一句的最后部分only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced，應為中間都是過程的解釋，我們要的是結果，答案為B。

　　第三題：此為類型題的一種即問某個專家的具體觀點題型，此題必須針對原文找答案，找出原文句子的同義句或解釋的句子。第一步鎖定題干位置如圖所示3。這一段較長哪句是重點？第一句為什么？看But 一詞，這一句是反對此種研究人的觀點總結，后面舉一個具體的專家觀點，可以忽略而且第一句中because這部分為答案。答案為C

　　B。對錯題。出題方法一般為Which of the following statement is true or not true？ or Which of the following is right or wrong except？此種題型多數答案為文章中心句子或中心含義的進一步說明和解釋；少數題的答案為文章某一具體句子意思的解釋。

　　Do you know that women's brains are smaller than men's？ Normally the women's brain weighs 10% less than men's。 Since research has shown that the bigger the brain， the cleverer the animal， men must be more intelligent（聰明的） than women。 Right？ Wrong。 Men and women always score similarly on intelligence tests， despite the difference in brain size。 Why？ After years of study， researchers have concluded that it's what's inside that matters， not just the size of the brain。 The brain is made up of "grey matter" and "white matter"。 While men have more of the white matter， the amount（數量）of "thinking" brain is almost the same in both men and women。

　　Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 1？

　　A。 Grey matter controls thinking in the brain。

　　B。 Men's brain is 10% less than women's。

　　C。 Grey matter plays the same role as white matter。

　　D。 Men and women have the same amount of white matter。

　　B答案的10%是最好鎖定原文的答案也最好判斷對錯，此句為主語與表語的篡改，錯。

　　C和D答案都用了the same as 句式，找回原文，C 答案明顯的無中生有，D答案為篡改原文內容，因為文中的疑問是Since research has shown that the bigger the brain， the cleverer the animal， men must be more intelligent（聰明的） than women。 Right？ Wrong。注意疑問句Right？，他的回答是Wrong，錯在哪里？細看這一句，since很關鍵意思是：既然，而非自從，既然研究證明大腦越大，這種生物就越聰明，那么男人一定比女人聰明。對嗎？錯。再往下看Why？的問句后的回答即為結論：After years of study， researchers have concluded that it's what's inside that matters， not just the size of the brain。 Conclude結論是：大腦內部起作用而不是大小在起作用。A答案是從原文內容推斷出來的選項而非只言片語的改寫，是在解釋最后一句的意思，故為正確答案。

　　C。推斷題型。出題方法一般為 what can we learn from the passage？ What can we infer （draw， indicate， imply） from the passage？多數答案為文章中心意思的解釋，少數情況下為文章某一細節的總結和概括。切記推斷題型必須要體現推斷的特點，不能照抄原文，即使一模一樣也不是答案，如果是繞著文章某個句子在改寫也不是答案因為沒有體現總結和推斷的特點，只是只言片語的羅列，千萬不要選。

　　And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art？ One of the common problems with making excuses is that people， especially young people， get the idea that it's okay not to be totally honest all the time。 There is a corollary（直接推論）to that： if a good excuse is "good" even if it isn't honest， then where is the place of the truth？

　　What can we infer from the last paragraph according to the writer？

　　A。 A good excuse is the same as honesty。

　　B。 Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas。

　　C。 Unpleasant truth is better than a good excuse。

　　D。 Making a good excuse is sometimes a better idea。

　　如何判斷這一段的重點在哪里？針對一段文字來出的題型無論怎么問，對錯，總結，推斷，舉例證明什么目的，推出什么結論，所有的題的答案都是這一段中心句的解釋。這段文字重點句是最后一句，因為那里有一個漢語翻譯：直接推論，明顯是個結論，所以是重點，答案就在這一句中，而且要格外注意最后的疑問句then where is the place of the truth？

　　中國人做的答案都很短，有強烈的總結性和概括性，不照抄原文。大意為：如果一個借口足夠好即使它不是真實的，那么真理將擺在哪里呢？答案為C。

　　1.    結論題。出題方法一般為 What can we conclude from the passage？ or What is the conclusion of the passage？結論一詞的含義是：到最后將觀點總結，所以這種題的答案在文章最后。

　　E。主旨大意題。出題方法一般為what is main idea or general idea of the passage？ or what is the passage mainly about？ What is the writer's or author's purpose to write the passage？如上文所述，外語文章邏輯關系多為歸納思維或演繹思維，所以一篇文章的重點都藏在開頭段或結尾段中，甚至就在開頭句和結尾句中。如若感覺兩側沒有重點內容，那么就藏在文章中間最短的段落中，尤其是帶轉折句、疑問句或否定句的短段落之中，因為這種段落有承上啟下的作用。還以上面那篇文章為例：分析如上文，可以選出答案為C，既有總結性又有概括性，即為模糊性和科學性。A和D為此段文字中的只言片語，B將原文的意思放大和夸張。

　　The passage is mainly about _______。

　　A。ways of being more intelligent

　　B。differences between men and women

　　C。studies on brains between two sexes

　　D。studies on white matter and grey matter

　　再如： Brendan's best friend is Tip。 They teach each other things and they look after each other。 Tip has helped Brendan become more responsible and more caring。 Brendan is a nine-year-old boy， and Tip is a ten-year old dog。 Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning a dog can have a good effect on a child's development。

　　請問這一段的主旨是什么？也可以出What's the passage mainly about？的題。

　　A.Lessons children learn from a dog。

　　B.Advice on owning a dog for children。

　　C.The relationship between children and dogs。

　　D.The good effects on children of owning a dog。

　　分析：此段文字為歸納思維，開篇舉了一個實例引入主題： Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning a dog can have a good effect on a child's development。所以答案為D。此時會有同學疑惑我讀完整篇文章感覺A也像正確答案，但實際情況卻非如此因為A答案與原文相比省略了一個詞owning 或having ，這種答案叫偷梁換柱，考的就是細心人很不是過于相信自己能力的人。

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